Incineration Norms and Government Authority — India (2025)

Incineration Norms

  • The Central Pollution Control Board (CPCB) issued updated Guidelines on Municipal Solid Waste (MSW) Incineration in August 2025, focusing on waste-to-energy plants meeting emission and operational standards.
  • Common hazardous waste incinerators must operate at minimum 1100°C in secondary combustion chambers with adequate gas residence time to ensure complete combustion.
  • Emission standards include limits for pollutants such as dioxins/furans, particulate matter, NOx, SOx, CO, heavy metals, and persistent organic pollutants.
  • Bio-medical waste incinerators follow specific guidelines under the Bio-Medical Waste Management Rules, 2016, with prescribed emission norms including dioxins and furans limits.
  • The Okhla Waste-to-Energy plant in Delhi and the Gazipur plant under trial follow more stringent local standards including dioxin & furan limits of 0.1 ng TEQ/Nm³ and particulate matter limit of 75 mg/Nm³.

Governing and Monitoring Authorities

  • Central Pollution Control Board (CPCB): Central regulatory authority responsible for framing and enforcing emission standards, monitoring, and issuing guidelines for waste incineration.
  • State Pollution Control Boards (SPCBs) / Pollution Control Committees (PCCs): Regional bodies tasked with inspection and compliance monitoring of incinerator facilities & the Process of Incineration for different applications.
  • Ministry of Environment, Forest and Climate Change (MoEFCC): Policy formulation, rule notification, and international treaty commitments related to waste management and emissions.
  • Urban Local Bodies (ULBs): Implement waste management including operation of incinerators if applicable, source segregation, and compliance with assigned responsibilities.

Key Legislation & Standards

  • Environment (Protection) Act, 1986: Provides legal basis for emission standards and hazardous waste management.
  • Municipal Solid Waste (Management and Handling) Rules, 2000: Specifies norms for MSW incinerators, including emission limits and operational conditions.
  • Bio-Medical Waste (Management and Handling) Rules, 2016: Defines emission standards and operational requirements for bio-medical waste incineration.
  • Hazardous and Other Wastes (Management and Transboundary Movement) Rules, 2023/25: Updated rules governing hazardous waste incineration practices.
  • Latest CPCB guidelines issued August 2025: Updated standards and procedures for MSW incineration plants incorporating best available technology.

Additional Notes

  • Incineration of MSW is limited with few operational WtE plants; Okhla plant is the most prominent, with others under trial or planning.
  • CPCB and local authorities are increasing regulatory scrutiny on emissions due to concerns about dioxins and particulate matter from incinerators.
  • Extended Producer Responsibility (EPR) frameworks and recycling initiatives complement incineration to reduce waste volumes.
  • Ongoing litigation and public interest cases address compliance with emission norms and environmental safety of incineration plants.
  • State Pollution Control Board Permission is mandatory for Captive Incinerators

State Pollution Control Boards (SPCBs)

  • Andhra Pradesh Pollution Control Board (APPCB)
  • Arunachal Pradesh State Pollution Control Board
  • Assam Pollution Control Board (APCB)
  • Bihar State Pollution Control Board (BSPCB)
  • Chhattisgarh Environment Conservation Board (CECB)
  • Goa State Pollution Control Board (GSPCB)
  • Gujarat Pollution Control Board (GPCB)
  • Haryana State Pollution Control Board (HSPCB)
  • Himachal Pradesh State Pollution Control Board (HPSPCB)
  • Jharkhand State Pollution Control Board (JSPCB)
  • Karnataka State Pollution Control Board (KSPCB)
  • Kerala State Pollution Control Board (KSPCB)
  • Madhya Pradesh Pollution Control Board (MPPCB)
  • Maharashtra Pollution Control Board (MPCB)
  • Manipur Pollution Control Board
  • Meghalaya State Pollution Control Board (MSPCB)
  • Mizoram Pollution Control Board
  • Nagaland Pollution Control Board
  • Odisha State Pollution Control Board (OSPCB)
  • Punjab Pollution Control Board (PPCB)
  • Rajasthan State Pollution Control Board (RSPCB)
  • Sikkim State Pollution Control Board
  • Tamil Nadu Pollution Control Board (TNPCB)
  • Telangana State Pollution Control Board (TSPCB)
  • Tripura State Pollution Control Board
  • Uttar Pradesh Pollution Control Board (UPPCB)
  • Uttarakhand Pollution Control Board
  • West Bengal Pollution Control Board (WBPCB)

Pollution Control Committees (PCCs) - Union Territories

  • Chandigarh Pollution Control Committee (CPCC)
  • Delhi Pollution Control Committee (DPCC)
  • Daman, Diu & Dadra Nagar Haveli Pollution Control Committee
  • Lakshadweep Pollution Control Committee
  • Puducherry Pollution Control Committee
  • Andaman & Nicobar Islands Pollution Control Committee
  • Jammu & Kashmir Pollution Control Committee
  • Ladakh Pollution Control Committee

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