Incineration Norms and Government Authority — Indonesia (2025)

Incineration Norms

  • Indonesia plans to build Waste-to-Energy (WTE) plants in 30 major cities to tackle waste management and generate renewable energy, aiming for 20 MW capacity per city starting in 2029.
  • Two main types of WTE plants are recognized: pyrolysis-based plastic-to-fuel conversion and organic waste digestion for biogas or biomass energy.
  • Currently, roughly 60% of waste is poorly managed with open burning and landfilling leading to severe environmental pollution.
  • Strict environmental controls and new presidential regulations are being drafted to define WTE technology standards and tax waste-to-energy developers exceeding processing thresholds.
  • Flue gas cleaning and ash recovery technologies are being encouraged to minimize harmful emissions.

Governing and Monitoring Authorities

  • Ministry of Environment and Forestry (KLHK): Responsible for environmental policy, monitoring, and enforcement including waste management regulations and pollution control.
  • Ministry of Energy and Mineral Resources (ESDM): Responsible for policy regulation, permits, and incentives related to WTE projects and renewable energy integration.
  • Local Governments and Sanitation Agencies: Facilitate waste collection, sorting, and compliance with national protocols.

Key Legislation & Standards

  • Waste Management Law (Law No. 18/2008 and updates): Governs municipal and hazardous waste management including waste disposal technologies.
  • Presidential Regulation (Perpres) on WTE (in draft, 2025): Defines WTE technology categories, operation standards, and development incentives.
  • Environmental Protection Regulations: Set emission standards for incineration including particulate matter, dioxins, NOx, SO2, and other pollutants in line with international best practices.
  • Taxation framework: Planned tax rules for WTE developers to encourage sustainable processing volumes and technology adoption.

Additional Notes

  • Numerous WTE projects are under development, especially in urban centers like Jakarta, Surabaya, and Bali, but concerns over air quality impacts and emissions persist.
  • Environmental NGOs have raised issues regarding emission monitoring transparency and health risks linked to fine particulate and organic toxins.
  • Indonesia’s waste management includes a strong emphasis on waste sorting, recycling, and community-based zero-waste initiatives to complement incineration.
  • Government support via Public-Private Partnerships and tariff adjustments aims to boost investment and sustainable waste management.

This overview reflects Indonesia’s evolving incineration policies and planned waste-to-energy projects with governing authorities and relevant regulations as of 2025.

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