Incineration Norms and Government Authority — Vietnam (2025)

Incineration Norms

  • In 2025, Vietnam enforces Circular 35/2024/TT-BTNMT which sets guidelines for operating domestic solid waste incinerators, emphasizing exhaust gas treatment, fly ash, and bottom ash collection.
  • Incinerators must maintain strict control over parameters such as pressure, air supply rate, oxygen concentration, temperature, and combustion residence time, ensuring operational compliance.
  • Vietnam is advancing waste-to-energy (WtE) projects like the Tam Sinh Nghia plant in Ho Chi Minh City, which aims to convert waste into significant electricity volume.
  • Concerns remain about emissions, especially dioxins and furans, driven by historically lax regulations and inconsistent monitoring.
  • Organic high-moisture content in Vietnamese waste poses operational challenges, often requiring drying or supplemental fuel in incineration processes.

Governing and Monitoring Authorities

  • Ministry of Natural Resources and Environment (MoNRE): Oversees environmental policy, regulation of incineration operations, and air quality standards enforcement.
  • Vietnam Environmental Protection Agency (VEPA): Implements environmental monitoring and pollution control measures.
  • Local Authorities: Responsible for waste collection, treatment oversight, and local enforcement efforts.

Key Legislation & Standards

  • Circular 35/2024/TT-BTNMT: Detailed operating guidelines for domestic solid waste incinerators including technical and emissions control requirements effective from February 3, 2025.
  • Decree No. 08/2022/ND-CP: Regulates environmental protection activities including waste treatment and emissions monitoring.
  • National strategies emphasize reducing landfill use, increasing recycling, and integrating WtE as a complement to waste management.
  • International environmental conventions influence Vietnam’s approach to persistent organic pollutants and waste management policy.

Additional Notes

  • Vietnam's WtE incineration sector is rapidly developing but faces challenges with feedstock quality and emission control enforcement.
  • Public health and environmental groups highlight risks from dioxin emissions and insufficient treatment of incineration residues like fly ash.
  • Efforts continue to balance rapid urban growth, waste volume increase, and climate goals with sustainable waste treatment solutions.
  • Source separation and waste minimization policies are critical for Vietnam's transition toward a circular economy and reducing incineration risks.

Vietnam is instituting stricter incineration operational guidelines starting 2025 under Circular 35/2024/TT-BTNMT. Its emerging waste-to-energy projects seek to mitigate landfill overuse but face technical and environmental challenges, guided by MoNRE and VEPA with obligations from international conventions.

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